Nisan tseren gudu ya kasance mafi shahararrun fannoni daban-daban na motsa jiki a wasannin motsa jiki, kuma sunayen waɗanda suka yi nasara suna kan leɓun kowa.
Kuma ba daidai ba ne cewa gasar wasannin Olympics ta farko a Girka ta Tsohuwar ita ce tseren gudu a mataki 1 (192.27 m), kuma sunan wanda ya yi nasara na farko, Koreb, an adana shi ƙarni da yawa.
Etymology na kalmar "mai tsere"
Kalmar "sprinter" asalin Turanci ce. Kalmar "Gudu" a turance ta samo asali ne a karni na 16. daga Old Icelandic "spretta" (don girma, keta ta, buga tare da rafi) kuma yana nufin "yin tsalle, tsalle." A ma’anar ta ta zamani, ana amfani da kalmar tun 1871.
Menene Gudu?
Gudu ne gasa a filin wasa a cikin shirin wasan guje guje da horo:
- 100 m;
- 200 m;
- 400 m;
- gudun gudun ba da sanda 4 × 100 m;
- gudun gudun ba da sanda 4 × 400 m.
Gudun gudu shima bangare ne na horo na fasaha (tsalle, jifa), wasannin motsa jiki gaba dayansu da sauran wasanni.
Wasannin Gudu na hukuma suna gudana a Gasar Duniya, Wasannin Olympic, Gasar Kasa da Nahiya, da kuma gasa na cikin gida da na son mai son.
Ana gudanar da gasar a nesa mara nisa na 30 m, 50 m, 55 m, 60 m, 300 m, 500 m, 600 m a cikin rufaffiyar dakuna, kazalika a makaranta da kuma gasar zakarun dalibai.
Gudu Physiology
A cikin tsere, babban burin mai tsere shine ya isa zuwa saurin sauri cikin sauri. Maganin wannan matsalar ya dogara ne da halaye na ƙwallon ƙafa da na ɗan adam.
Gudun gudu shine motsa jiki na anaerobic, ma'ana, ana wadatar da jiki da kuzari ba tare da haɓakar oxygen ba. A nesa, jini bashi da lokaci don isar da iskar oxygen ga tsokoki. Lalacewar alactate na anaerobic na ATP da CrF, da kuma rashin lactate na laero na glucose (glycogen) ya zama tushen kuzari ga tsokoki.
A lokacin farkon 5 sec. A lokacin gudu na farko, tsokoki suna cinye ATP, waɗanda ƙwayoyin tsoka suka tara a lokacin hutun. Bayan haka, a cikin dakika 4 masu zuwa. samuwar ATP yana faruwa ne saboda lalacewar creatine phosphate. Na gaba, ana haɗa wutar lantarki anaerobic glycolytic, wanda ya isa na dakika 45. aikin tsoka, yayin ƙirƙirar lactic acid.
Lactic acid, cike ƙwayoyin tsoka, yana iyakance ayyukan tsoka, kiyaye saurin gudu ya zama ba zai yuwu ba, gajiya tana shiga, kuma saurin gudu yana raguwa.
Oxygen samar da makamashi ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin dawo da ajiyar ATP, KrF da glycogen da aka kashe yayin aikin tsoka.
Don haka, godiya ga tarin ATP da CRF, tsokoki na iya yin aiki yayin ɗaukar lodi. Bayan ƙarewa, a lokacin lokacin dawowa, an dawo da hannun jari da aka kashe.
Saurin shawo kan nesa a cikin tseren yana da tasiri sosai ta yawan ƙwayoyin tsoka masu sauri. Mafi yawansu wani dan wasa yana da, da sauri zai iya gudu. Yawan ƙwayoyin tsoka da sauri da sauri suna ƙaddara asalinsu kuma baza'a iya canzawa ta hanyar horo.
Waɗanne ƙananan hanyoyi ne akwai?
60 m
Nisan 60 m ba na Olympic bane. Ana gudanar da gasa a wannan nesa a gasar duniya da ta Turai, gasar kasa da ta kasuwanci a lokacin hunturu, cikin gida.
Ana gudanar da tseren ko dai a layin gama filin waƙa da filin wasa na mita 200, ko daga tsakiyar filin tare da ƙarin alamomi na nisan mita 60.
Tun tseren 60m yana da sauri, kyakkyawar hanyar farawa abu ne mai mahimmanci a wannan nisan.
100 m
Nisa mafi girman tsere. Ana aiwatar da shi a madaidaiciyar ɓangaren filin wasa mai gudana waƙoƙi. Wannan nisa an saka shi cikin shirin tun farkon Olympiad.
200 m
Daya daga cikin mafi nisan nisa. Ya kasance cikin shirin Olympics tun bayan wasannin Olympics na biyu. An fara Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 200m a shekarar 1983.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa farawa yana kan lanƙwasa, tsawon waƙoƙin ya bambanta, an sanya masu tseren ta yadda kowane ɗan takara zai yi tseren daidai 200 m.
Cin nasara da wannan tazarar yana buƙatar babbar fasahar kusurwa da juriya mai saurin gudu daga masu gudu.
Ana gudanar da gasa a mita 200 a filayen wasa da kuma fagen cikin gida.
400 m
Hanyar da ta fi wuya da ladabi. Yana buƙatar saurin jimrewa da kyakkyawan rarraba ƙarfi daga masu gudu. Horon Olimpik. Ana gudanar da gasa a cikin filin wasa da kuma cikin gida.
Gudun gudu
Gasar tseren ba da gudummawa ita ce kawai taron ƙungiya a cikin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle da ke gudana a wasannin Olympic, na Turai da na Duniya.
Ana kuma yin rikodin bayanan duniya, ban da nisan Olampik, a cikin wasannin tsere masu zuwa:
- 4x200 m;
- 4x800 m;
- 4x1500 m.
Ana gudanar da tseren gudu a cikin filin wasa da filin wasa. Hakanan ana gudanar da gasa a cikin nisan nishaɗi mai zuwa:
- 4 × 110 m tare da shinge;
- Yaren mutanen Sweden;
- gudun yada yawo tare da titunan birni;
- tseren tsallake-tsallake-tsere a babbar hanya;
- tseren gudun ba da gudummawa;
- Ekiden (gudun fanfalaki)
Manyan 'yan wasa 10 a duniya
Usain Bolt (Jamaica) - Wanda ya lashe Gasar Wasannin Olympics har sau tara. Mai riƙe rikodin duniya na 100 m da 200 m;
Tyson Guy (Amurka) - Gwarzon zinare 4 na gasar zakarun duniya, wanda ya lashe Kofin Nahiyar. Na biyu mafi saurin gudu a 100 m;
Johan Blake (Jamaica) - Wanda ya lashe lambobin zinare guda biyu na Olympic, 4 lambar zinare ta zakarun duniya. Na uku mafi sauri 100m a duniya;
Asafa Powell (Jamaica) - Wanda ya yi nasarar lashe lambobin zinare biyu na Gasar Olympic da kuma wanda ya lashe zakarar duniya sau biyu. Na hudu mafi saurin gudu a mita 100;
Nesta Carter (Jamaica) - Wanda ya lashe lambobin zinare biyu na gasar Olympics, lambobin zinare na zakarun duniya 4;
Maurice Greene (Amurka) - Wanda ya lashe lambobin zinare biyu a Wasannin Sydney a mita 100 kuma a cikin relay 4x100 m, lambobin zinare 6 na gasar zakarun duniya. Mai rikodin a cikin mita 60 yana gudana;
Weide van Niekerk (Afirka ta Kudu) - Gwarzon duniya, wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympic a Rio 2016 a tseren mita 400;
Irina Privalova (Rasha) -, wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics a Sydney a gasar Olympics ta 4x100 m, lambobin zinare 3 na gasar Turai da lambobin zinare 4 na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya. Gwarzon duniya da Turai. Mai rikodin duniya a cikin mita 60 na cikin gida;
Florence Griffith-Joyner (Amurka) - Wanda ya lashe lambobin zinare guda uku a Seoul Olympics, zakaran duniya, mai rike da kambun duniya na mita 100 da 200 m.
Lokacin da suka cancanci wasannin Seoul Griffith Joyner ya wuce rikodin ta hanyar mita 100 a lokaci daya da sakan 0.27, kuma a wasan karshe na wasannin Olympics a Seoul ya inganta rikodin na baya da sakan 0.37;
Marita Koch (GDR) - mamallakin lambar zinare a tseren mita 400, sau 3 ya zama zakaran duniya sannan sau 6 ya zama zakaran Turai. Wanda ke riƙe da rikodi na yanzu na mita 400. A lokacin rayuwarta ta wasanni, ta kafa tarihin duniya fiye da 30.
Nisan tsere, wanda a ciki ne ake yanke sakamakon sakamakon tseren ta ɓangarori na biyu, yana buƙatar ɗan wasa ya kara ƙarfin aiki, cikakkiyar fasahar gudu, saurin gudu da ƙarfin juriya.
